Rhythmic Gymastics

Rhythmic Gymastics



International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15-19 or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the World Championships, and Grand-Prix Tournaments.

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which individuals or teams of competitors (from 2 to 6 people) manipulate one or two apparatus: and Free (no apparatus, so called "floor routine"). An individual athlete only manipulates 1 apparatus at a time. When multiple gymnasts are performing a routine together a maximum of two types of apparatus may be distributed through the group. An athlete can exchange apparatus with a team member at any time through the routine. Therefore a athlete can manipulate up to two different apparatus through the duration of the routine. Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that combines elements of and apparatus manipulation. The victor is the participant who earns the most points, determined by a panel of judges, for leaps, balances, pirouettes (pivots), flexibilities, apparatus handling, execution, and artistic effect.

The governing body, the IG), changed the in 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2008 to emphasize technical elements and reduce the subjectivity of judging. Before 2001, judging was on a scale of 10 like that of It was changed to a 30-point scale in 2003, a 20-point scale in 2005, and in 2008 was changed back to 30. There are three values adding up to be the final points—technical, artistic, and execution. the FIG also selects which apparatus will be used in competitions, only four out of the five possible apparatuses are sanctioned. Up to 2010, the clubs were not used at the Senior level. For 2011 rope will be dropped for senior national, then in 2012 it will be dropped for junior national, and in 2013 it will be dropped in novice, and will continued to be dropped through the years descending national to provincial to interclub until eventually rope will be completely out of rhythmic gymnastics.

Artistic Gymastics

Artistic Gymastics

In 1881 was founded and remains the governing body of international gymnastics since then. It included only three countries and was called European Gymnastics Federation until 1921, when the first non-European countries joined the federation, and it was reorganized into its present form. Gymnastics was included into the program of the, but women were allowed to participate in the Olympics only since 1928. World Championships, held since 1903 also remained for men only until 1934. Since that time two branches of artistic gymnastics have been developing – WAG and MAG – which, unlike men's and women's branches of many other sports, are much different in apparatus used at the major competitions, in techniques and concerns.

Competitive gymnasts perform short routines (ranging from approximately 30 to 90) on different apparatus, with less time for vaulting (see lists below). They are governed by the or FIG. The FIG designs the and regulates all aspects of international elite competition. Within individual countries, gymnastics is regulated by national federations, such as BAGA in Great Britain and USA Gymnastics in the United States.

Competitive gymnasts perform short routines (ranging from approximately 30 to 90 governed by the, or FIG. The FIG designs the and regulates all aspects of international elite competition. Within individual countries, gymnastics is regulated by national federations, such as BAGA in Great Britain and USA Gymnastics in the United States.



GYMANSTICS

GYMANSTICS

Participants can include children as young as two years old and sometimes younger doing kindergym and children's gymnastics, recreational gymnasts of all ages, competitive gymnasts at varying levels of skill, as well as world class athletes

Gymnastics is an nvolving performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, balance, and grace. Internationally, all of the gymnastic sports are governed by the (FIG) with each country having its own national governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive is the best known of the gymnastic sports. It typically involves the women's events of and Men's events include, and Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.

Other gymnastic sports include, the various sports, and aerobic and acrobatic gymnastics.

To the Ancient Greeks, physical fitness was paramount, and all Greek cities had a a courtyard for jumping, running, and wrestling. As the ascended, Greek gymnastics gave way to military training. The Romans, for example, introduced the wooden horse. In 393 AD the abolished the Olympic Games, which by then had become corrupt, and gymnastics, along with other sports, declined. For centuries, gymnastics was all but forgotten.



CYCLING

CYCLING



Cycling is an extremely efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances. Bicycles provide numerous benefits compared to motor vehicles, including exercise, an alternative to the use of fossil fuels, no air or noise pollution, much reduced traffic congestion and likelihood of causing a fatality, easier parking, greater maneuverability, and access to both roads and paths. The advantages are at less financial cost to the user as well as society (negligible damage to roads, and less pavement required Criticisms and disadvantages of cycling include reduced protection in crashes, particularly with motor vehicles, onger travel time (except in densely populated areas), vulnerability to weather conditions, difficulty in transporting passengers, and the skill and fitness required.

were introduced in the 19th century and now number about one billion worldwideThey are the principal means of transportation in many regions

Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of for, or Persons engaged in cycling are cyclists. or bicyclistsApart from ordinary two-wheeled bicycles, cycling also includes riding, and other similar The components of the bike should also be considered. A middle grade is sufficient for a beginner, although many utility bikes come equipped with If the rider plans a significant amount of, a triple- (three chainrings) front may be preferred. Otherwise, the relatively lighter and less expensive two chainrings may be better. Much simpler fixed wheel bikes are also available, and may be more suitable for commuters.

BOXING

BOXING

Eventually, fist fighting became so popular that even started fighting, and the practice was promoted by Caesar. A fight between the agile Dares and the towering Entellus is described at length in the Roman national epic 1st century BC). The Roman philosopher 3.2.8) indicates that youths trained at the for self-defense.

Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western when the wearing of weapons become common once again and interest in fighting with the fists waned.

However, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in called As the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists.

 The sport would later resurface in England during the early 18th century in the form of sometimes referred to as prizefighting.

Boxing is a and in which two people using their fists. Boxing is typically supervised by a engaged in during a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, and boxers generally of similar

 There are three ways to win; if the opponent is knocked out and unable to get up before the referee counts to ten seconds (a r KO) or if the opponent is deemed too to continue (a or TKO). If there is no stoppage of the fight before an agreed number of rounds, a winner is determined either by the referee's decision or by judges' scorecards.



ARCHERY

ARCHERY

He development of endered bows obsolete in warfare. Despite the high social status, ongoing utility, and widespread pleasure of archery in Korea, England, China, Japan, Turkey, Armenia, Egypt, India and elsewhere, almost every culture that gained access to even early firearms used them widely, to the relative neglect of archery. Early firearms were vastly inferior in rate-of-fire, and were very susceptible to wet weather. However, they had longer effective rangeand were tactically superior in the common situation of soldiers shooting at each other from behind obstructions.

 They also required significantly less training to use properly, in particular penetrating steel armour without any need to develop special Armies equipped with guns could thus provide superior firepower by sheer weight of numbers, and highly-trained archers became almost obsolete on the battlefield. However, archers are still effective and have seen action even in the 21st century. Traditional archery remains in use for sport, and for hunting in many areas.

From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts.

 They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern and These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority. In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding.

Much of this expertise is available in the Traditional Bowyer's Bibles (see Additional reading). Modern game archery owes much of its success to an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer.

Archery is the art, practice, or skill of propelling with the use of. Archery has historically been used fo and; in modern times, however, its main use is that of a recreational activity. One who practices archery is typically known as an "archer" or "bowman," and one who is fond of or an expert at archery can be referred to as a "toxophilite.



SYCHRONISED SWIMMING

SYCHRONISED SWIMMING

The first modern Olympic Games had only four swimming events, three of them freestyle. The second Olympics in Paris in 1900 included three unusual swimming events. One used an obstacle course; another was a test of underwater swimming endurance; the third was a 4,000-metre event, the longest competitive swimming event ever. None of the three was ever used in the Olympics again

For a variety of reasons, women were excluded from swimming in the first several Olympic Games. In 1896 and again in 1906, women could not participate because the developer of the modern games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, held firmly to the assumption, common in the Victorian era, that women were too frail to engage in competitive sports. It was only at the 1912 Games when women's swimming made its debut at the prompting of the group that later became known as the International Olympic Committee.

As swimmers refine strokes or make changes, the best way to see if the new stroke is an improvement is to use it in competition. This is why so much attention is paid to speed and endurance records.

From the humble beginning with four swimming events, the Olympics have developed to 32 swimming races, 16 for men and 16 for women. The Special Olympics, competitive swimming for people with disabilities, has 22 events for men and 22 for women.